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Driscoll, Killian. 2010. Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland". Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017. Saigusa, Y. (2017). "Chapter 5 – Quartz-Based Piezoelectric Materials". In Uchino, Kenji (ed.). Advanced Piezoelectric Materials. Woodhead Publishing in Materials (2nded.). Woodhead Publishing. pp.197–233. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102135-4.00005-9. ISBN 9780081021354. Michael O'Donoghue (1997). Synthetic, Imitation, and Treated Gemstones. Taylor & Francis. pp.124–125. ISBN 978-0-7506-3173-0.
The ancient Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication, [23] while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in the belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed. [24] Beads of amethyst were found in Anglo-Saxon graves in England. [25] Anglican bishops wear an episcopal ring often set with an amethyst, an allusion to the description of the Apostles as "not drunk" at Pentecost in Acts 2:15. [26]
Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz (SiO 2) and owes its violet color to irradiation, impurities of iron (Fe 3+) and in some cases other transition metals, and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions. [2] [3] [4] The irradiation causes the iron Fe 3+ ions that replace Si in the lattice to lose an electron and form a [FeO 4] 0 color center. [5] Amethyst is a three-dimensional network of tetrahedra where the silicon atoms are in the center and are surrounded by four oxygen atoms located at the vertices of a tetrahedron. This structure is quite rigid and results in quartz's hardness and resistance to weathering. The hardness of the mineral is the same as quartz, thus making it suitable for use in jewelry. Quartz Gemstone and Jewelry Information: Natural Quartz – GemSelect". www.gemselect.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 August 2017. Synthetic (laboratory-grown) amethyst is produced by a synthesis method called hydrothermal growth, which grows the crystals inside a high-pressure autoclave.
Robert Webster, Michael O'Donoghue (January 2006). Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780750658560.
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Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode: 2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. Not only that, but it teaches you ways to grow as a person. Whether it’s cultivating relationships or accomplishing goals, everything takes time! It’s not about racing to the finish line every time.
Cady, W. G. (1921). "The piezoelectric resonator". Physical Review. 17: 531–533. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.17.508. Secure your copies of Gem-A's two magazines, Gems&Jewellery and The Journal of Gemmology by visiting Membership. Until the 18th century, amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones (along with diamond, sapphire, ruby, and emerald), but since the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as Brazil, it has lost most of its value. [37] It is now considered a semiprecious stone. [38] Kostov, R. I. 1992. Amethyst. A Geological-Mineralogical and Gemmological Essay. Union of Scientists in Bulgaria, Sofia, 249 p. (in Bulgarian with English abstract) Lehmann, G.; Moore, W. J. (20 May 1966). "Color Center in Amethyst Quartz". Science. 152 (3725): 1061–1062. Bibcode: 1966Sci...152.1061L. doi: 10.1126/science.152.3725.1061. PMID 17754816. S2CID 29602180.Hazard Alert - Worker Exposure to Silica during Countertop Manufacturing, Finishing and Installation (PDF). DHHS (NIOSH). p.2 . Retrieved 27 November 2019. Relatively new on the market is ametrine, with zones of both purple and yellow. The colors only reach a medium level of saturation and are never very dark. Cutting the material so both color show is sometimes a challenge for the lapidary. However, a well cut, bi-colored gem is a real delight. Ametrine is only found in Bolivia. Smokey Quartz That makes Blue Quartz an obvious stone for Cancer. Emotions drive this sign and they love hard and are naturally sensitive to any darkness that comes their way. The same goes for Scorpios and Pisces. Marcell N. Smith (1913), Diamonds, Pearls and Precious Stones Griffith Stillings Press, Boston, Mass., p. 74 Amethyst is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright vivid violet to a dark or dull lavender shade. The world's largest deposits of amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and Morocco. Sometimes amethyst and citrine are found growing in the same crystal. It is then referred to as ametrine. Amethyst derives its color from traces of iron in its structure. [51] Blue quartz [ edit ]
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