The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey Between Worlds

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The Computer Science Network (CSNET) began operation in 1981 to provide networking connections to institutions that could not connect directly to ARPANET. Its first international connection was to Israel in 1984. Soon after, connections were established to computer science departments in Canada, France, and Germany. [94] Data Caps: Some AT&T plans come with data caps. If you exceed your allotted data limit, your internet speed may be reduced for the remainder of your billing cycle. Google Drive, launched on April 24, 2012, has become the most popular file hosting service. Google Drive allows users to store, edit, and share files with themselves and other users. Not only does this application allow for file editing, hosting, and sharing. It also acts as Google's own free-to-access office programs, such as Google Docs, Google Slides, and Google Sheet NASA developed the TCP/IP based NASA Science Network (NSN) in the mid-1980s, connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world. In 1989, the DECnet-based Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the TCP/IP-based NASA Science Network (NSN) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet, or NSI. NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth, space and life sciences. As a high-speed, multiprotocol, international network, NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents.

So what hats do I wear? Now, I no longer wear this hat, but one that is relevant here was forming the Afrilabs Association and being the first chair for the initial years before passing it on. There is the Savannah Fund and being a general partner in it, but Mbwana Alliy actually runs it day to day. There is forming Gearbox, being on the board and helping create, but Kamau Gachigi leads it day to day. There is AkiraChix, which was the women in this community who built the whole thing, and they just asked me to join the board when they became an official organization three years into it. The People's Republic of China established its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET in 1991. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center. However, China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country-wide content filter. [139] The term resurfaced during 2002–2004, [166] [167] [168] [169] and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference. In their opening remarks, John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the "Web as Platform", where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop. The unique aspect of this migration, they argued, is that "customers are building your business for you". [170] They argued that the activities of users generating content (in the form of ideas, text, videos, or pictures) could be "harnessed" to create value. The first audio and video are distributed over the internet. The phrase "surfing the internet" is popularized.In early 1982, NORSAR and Peter Kirstein's group at University College London (UCL) left the ARPANET and began to use TCP/IP over SATNET. [112] UCL continued to provide access between the ARPANET and academic networks in the UK, a role it had performed since 1973. [61] [113] The IETF is a loosely self-organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies. It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications. Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups. Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community, but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet. [191] [192] I love bringing on people into my own company. The young people who have been self-taught and have a raw sense of what they should do. A raw skill set which allows building and growing them in my company. I think on-the-job training—whether it is for the Mike Macharias and Seven Seas of the world, or Safaricom, or Google, or IBM, or M-Kopa, or Intel—is actually one of the benefits of Nairobi. We have enough of those medium and large companies, and this is what sets us apart from Kampala and Kigali and Dar es Salaam. When you come out of university or even without university, you can get a job with Conrad Akunga or myself in our smaller companies. You can get a job with Mike Macharia at his company or with John Waibochi over at Virtual City or with any number of the smaller five-to-ten-person-size startups scattered across the city. There are a number of tech companies from small to large that are accessible to you, whereas they are not accessible in some of these other cities. The offtake of that is amazing. It means that there are more and more people who are being polished into seeing technology as a business opportunity. They develop an important and unique skill set. This does not necessarily happen in other places, simply because others do not have the critical mass of companies to even hire them.

For the iHub, the “Aha!” moment came as we realized that we did not have to charge our members if we come up with a service model that allows us to charge for other services, such as consulting. That is why we built the iHub Research arm, the UX Lab, and iHub Consulting. These new departments allowed the iHub to be 85 % self-sustaining, generating its own revenue and still fulfill its mission of catalyzing the tech community in Nairobi. Whether cancel culture is good for society is widely debated. Some argue it allows the public and marginalized people to seek accountability in their leaders, gives a voice to disenfranchised or less powerful people, and is simply a new form of boycott. Others see cancel culture as a dangerous form of bullying, a suppression of free speech, and a form of intolerance that harms democratic societies by excluding and ostracizing anyone with contrary views. For more on the cancel culture debate, visit ProCon.org. These methods will help you identify if your connection is slow due to AT&T throttling your connection or due to some other reason. Why is AT&T so slow?- common reasons. Criminal activity and terrorism (and resulting law enforcement use, together with its facilitation by mass surveillance);

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Defensiveness was a principal barrier thrown up by the incumbents as they defended their positions—sparking innovation and market disruption. This behavior has been consistent and keeps refreshing the market with new and improved services at lower costs. Disruptive Innovation Is the Weapon against Big Players AT&T is t ransparent about its throttling policies. Primarily because the FTC previously sued the company for illegally throttling users to an extent where even browsing was impossible. However, the ISP has become clear about its throttling policy now. AT&T states;

Levey, L. A., & Young, S. (Eds.) (2002). Rowing upstream: Snapshots of pioneers of the information age in Africa. Johannesburg: Sharp Sharp Media.In August 1995, InfoMail Uganda, Ltd., a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom, and NSN Network Services of Avon, Colorado, sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite, established Africa's first native TCP/IP high-speed satellite Internet services. The data connection was originally carried by a C-Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail's Kampala offices directly to NSN's MAE-West point of presence using a private network from NSN's leased ground station in New Jersey. InfoCom's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit/s, serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial-up modems. If a lot of devices are using mobile data at once, it can put a strain on our network. This is called network congestion, and we may have to slow your data speed to keep everyone connected. Mureithi, M. (1999). Liberalizing telecommunications: Empowering Kenyans in the information age. Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs. AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and relying on advertising to generate revenue. The Internet Governance Forum meets for the first time. As in other public telecommunications networks in Africa, the dominant product was voice telephony, followed by data services. These brought in annual revenues of USD307 million in fiscal year 1996–1997, making KP&TC the fifth largest operator in the Africa in revenue terms (International Telecommunication Union 1998). Customer-Premises Equipment and Telephone Bureaus

The history of the World Wide Web up to around 2004 was retrospectively named and described by some as "Web 1.0". [159] IPv6 Server network: the VPN must have an extensive server network with most servers in the US since AT&T is a US ISP Data Caps: AT&T has data caps, so when a user exceeds the limit, which is 50GB, then the ISP will throttle your connection. The process of change that generally coincided with "Web 2.0" was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices. This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used, took with them everywhere, communicated with, used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information "on the move" – and used socially, as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work. [ citation needed] Cost was also a major barrier in the early years. The costs for Internet dial-up service included installation at USD20, monthly charges of USD72, and an hourly use rate of USD5. Use of Internet bureaus was equally expensive, with a fee of USD0.20 per minute. At the same time, access to computers was very limited, because of costs and numbers. By 1997, the estimated number of computers in the country was 50,000 (Aguyo 1997).

The research and academic community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as Internet2 in the United States and JANET in the United Kingdom. The Internet evolution has presented some key lessons: Disruption Is the Sweetener That Drives Change Aguyo, S. (1997). Internet benchmarking in Kenya. In H. R. Mgombelo & M. C. M. Werner (Eds.), Telecommunication for business in Africa. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term internet is born. I have realized over time that as you are figuring things out, it is important to be open to the idea that you really are experimenting and improvising a lot of the time. And if things do not work, you stop them. And if they do work, double down on them, and hopefully, it turns into another “Aha!” moment.